An economic issue due to interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An economic issue due to interest - Essay Example Before President Bush left the office, he left behind a huge burden on the Americans economy that was used to finance two very expensive wars in the history of America. The debt runs for a period of years until 2011. This is what Obama government had to first deal with when he took over office in 2009. Sound economic policies guide a government to economic growth and expansion. In includes the changes made by the national budget that alters spending and taxes affecting the economy. Fiscal policies play an important role in driving the Americans economy especially after the great depression when the government decided to take a proactive role in guiding US economic affairs. The role of a fiscal policy is to influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or reducing taxes and public spending. Each policy is distinct depending on what the government wants to correct or attain. For instance, a slow economy has high levels of employment, low levels of consumer spending, and les s business. Here, the government will fuel it by reducing the levels of taxation and increase the public spending. More money in circulation will increase consumer spending, boost businesses, and increase employment levels. However, the effects of fiscal policies differ with different economies. This is because in different economies one class or various classes of individuals are affected by a move to cut taxes or increase spending. For instance, in America, arguably only a small percentage pays taxes, which is about one percent of the population. Therefore, a move to increase tax or reduce tax will only affect a small percentage of the population. It is also unknown to what extent a government should get involved in an economy to get it moving, which leaves policy makers on a hanging balance. After Obama joined government, a fiscal policy of its kind was adopted in America to curb

Explain the role of government in economic matters for each Research Paper

Explain the role of government in economic matters for each subculture. Should the government be regulator or supporter Why - Research Paper Example The first of these which will be discussed is that of the individualistic approach. This can be defined as an approach to governance that places a high level of emphasis upon the predicate that the government should be restricted to allowing a high degree of private initiative. Although not strictly speaking a libertarian interpretation of the government’s responsibility to the system and vice versa, it is perhaps one of the more libertarian viewpoints of government’s role within society. Ultimately, within this context, government is seen to have a strictly utilitarian purpose ot maximize efficiency without allowing any firm of waste or bureaucracy to drain the productive energies that would otherwise result. Conversely, a traditionalistic political culture best describes a type of political culture that prizes family ties more than the other two which will be enumerated upon. Whereas the individualistic approach tries to minimize the role that government may play within society and or the community, the traditionalistic approach seeks to place a positive role that government can and should integrate with in regards to the community. Whereas other approaches place a great degree of emphasis on a particular determinant, the traditionalistic approach is no different in this respect as it places the highest degree of emphasis on seeking to engage the government in the task of maintaining the social order that is already in existence. In this way, this type of view is inherently conservative as it attempts to maintain the status quo via the utilization of governmental power. Similarly, the last form of political culture that will herein be enumerated upon is that of the moralistic political culture. As the name implies, this particular approach places a very high degree of importance on seeking to utilize the government as a â€Å"positive force† within

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations - Essay Example He was known to be an Athenian; his generation came immediately after that of the Socrates. Although he was not the conversation leader, his dialogue features the Socrates. Plato has the political doctrine attributed to him, it was mainly obtained from the statesman, the laws and even from the republic Taylor, (121-122). He focused mainly on the following; that living a good life is considered to be our actions final end, which is individuals pursuing happiness in life. Plato also highlights that an individual having a good life depend on utilizing personal skills and abilities and that of other different external goods. He further adds that all these require individuals to have virtues. Virtues on the other hand forces individuals to have the knowledge of the good. Plato concludes that the search of happiness required an individual to possess the knowledge of good. Thus through his various contributions Plato is perceived to play a key role in the establishment of the ancient d the medieval political theory. In bringing about the philosophy, polis also resulted in what Aristotle referred to as being two lives. This included the life of politics and that of philosophy. There were several issues that needed clarification and it included; whether philosophers could conduct themselves politically, whether they could be involved in the normal politics in the current regimes or come up with their own, and also if they were suppose remain purely philosophical without getting involved in politics. Considering the above questions, the philosophical life of Socrates was considered as having been involved in politics before experiencing death philosophically. However for both Plato and Aristotle they perceived politics as being less divined and considered it to be less attractive as compared to studying the world truth which to them was extensive. Even though philosophy may handle issues on politics its major task is more as compared to that of politics. It is important to understand that those who established the earlier political philosophy were focused in differentiating and making philosophy independent from the ordinary actions of politics. This does not necessarily imply that they did not possess ordinary intentions of politics, but rather to clearly state that the establishment of political philosophy was meant to problematized the ordinary political life value. Considering the conception of the modern state it greatly varies with the polis philosophy. There is no clear difference between the state and the political life. It is even difficult to determine which one is above the other, which in reality the state should be superior. According to Plato a political community which is just is structured in a manner where every citizen gets an appropriate opportunity to make contribution for the sake of the communities to benefit. Hence, individuals should have virtues which include social virtues, and an individual can attain this through the the oretical teaching and through education provided. The knowledge of the good according to Plato has different ways; it includes the different modes where an individual’s character is trained and the theoretical knowledge obtained. This consists of a particular type of knowledge considered to be of second-order which mostly concerns the appropriate logical patterns and the given criteria used particularly in the epistemic quality of beliefs evaluation. True reality is not always obvious to majority of us mainly because of how we conduct our

Cross Culture Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cross Culture Management - Case Study Example There is much emphasis on the flexible approaches especially to changing circumstances and the integration of the overall importance of the people in the attainment of any set objective. As such, the culture focusses on flexible systems of control and information sharing (Chen 2004, p. 200). The Indonesian working culture is also a being culture because of the values attached to career development and the styles of management. For instance, there is much concern for the vision or idea that a firm hopes to attain and that the attainment is not a result of planning, but because of shared vision among the concerned parties. The culture believes the best managers are those that share ideologies with the people and one that tunes the people to adapt to the changing working environment. The culture is a public one because of the focus it gives to group-oriented and authoritative forms of planning that center on relationships between the people in its context. The work culture in the Indonesian context is collectivism because of the focus it gives to the community approaches to work (Chen 2004, p. 178). There is much emphasis on the achievement of the goals and management of the collective attitudes to the all the people in the company framework. Therefore, collectivism is an approach that believes in the power of collective responsibilities in management. The culture is also a low-context culture because the planning is one that bases on more explicit and less detailed on instructions. The descriptions of the jobs are precise and simple to understand within the company context. The managers get their work done through establishing strong relationships with their juniors and consider that they cannot achieve much except by combined effort from the workers. The same culture is a future culture because a majority of the plans that the managers make focus on long-term ambitions

Video report Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video report - Movie Review Example Despite water being a very important commodity for the people, most of the world’s population has no access to it. There is unequal distribution of water, and thus, the water mandate initiative, a concept of the United Nations, seeks to bring onboard the business community in providing water to these people. This is the most important theme discussed in the videos, i.e. corporate social responsibility of the business community. Despite the business community changing since the 1970s years when the term corporate social responsibility emerged, there is more for the business community to do in relation to the society. Although some of the countries are still in their early stages of corporate social responsibility implementation, there is a considerable growth in the level of corporate social investment globally. Globally, there are different business models, all developed from the nature of the business operations. Over the years, business environment has undergone through tremendous changes to what it is today. However, there is no hope of these changes stopping. Rather, the business models will keep changing, to suit the underlying conditions. According the videos however, the current business model seeks to improve its relationship with the stakeholders and the society in general. This is only possible through corporate social responsibility. Moreover, the business community strives to establish a good relationship with the shareholders. As businesses increase their corporate investment plans, subsequently increasing their public investment budgets, they should strive to ensure that they do not compromise their relationships with the shareholders. The business model invests in various social plans and funds certain activities such as concern for the environment, funding water projects, a mong others. The most important aspect of this model to

LAW 421 Theory to Practice Essay Example for Free

LAW 421 Theory to Practice Essay Theory to Practice Questions 1.At one point, if ever, did the parties have a contract? The parties had a contract when they agreed on the key terms of the distribution contract. The first agreement was a 90-day negotiation agreement and the second was an oral distribution agreement in a meeting prior to the end of the 90-day negotiation. The oral agreement was followed by an e-mail sent to Chou in which the terms of the agreement were reiterated by the manager of BTT. The manager of BTT showed objective intent to contract. In addition, â€Å"faxes, e-mails, letters, memos, and receipts help establish [a] handshake deal† (Hartline, 2007, para. 3). In other words, when BTT sent the email stating all the key terms orally discussed between the parties were agreed upon, both parties showed intent to contract, therefore the agreement of key terms should be considered under contract. 2.What facts may weigh in favor of or against Chou in terms of the parties’ objective intent to contract? Favor: †¢Chou received payment from BTT, leading Chou to believe BTT had intent to come to agreement. †¢The meeting ended with an oral agreement. †¢There is proof of the oral agreement via the BTT e-mail. †¢The e-mail may be considered a rough draft of the contract. †¢The manager sent the e-mail including all of the key terms the parties agreed upon. †¢Even though a month had passed, BTT still requested a copy of the distribution agreement draft. †¢The amount of time spent on the contract and in contact with both parties shows intent to contract. Against: †¢No signatures from either party to bind the contract. †¢The 90-day negotiation deadline passed with only a written agreement, even though the negotiation agreement stated only a written contract was valid. †¢The contract wasn’t drafted until BTT requested a copy a month later. †¢The e-mail did not use the words â€Å"contract†. 3.Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any impact on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 above? The fact that the parties were communicating via e-mail did not impact the analysis of  questions 1 and 2. E-mail is a viable and effective form of communication in today’s world, especially in business. E-mails can be saved and used as evidence in many court cases. According to the mailbox rule, the e-mail was sent prior to the 90 days and was considered accepted when it was sent (Melvin, 2011). 4.What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? The statute of frauds applies to the sale of goods over $500; sales over that amount need to be in writing (Melvin, 2011). The provisions of the statute of frauds are satisfied if the writing contains several items, including quantity, signature, and clear, concise language (Melvin, 2011). The textbook states that key terms were discussed and agreed upon in the e-mail, however I am not sure if that included quantity. However, BTT provided an electronic signature in the e-mail and the language in the e-mail could be interpreted by a reasonable person as intent to form a contract. Therefore, the e-mail pretty much satisfies the statute of frauds conditions. 5.Could BTT avoid the contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? I don’t think BTT can void the contract under the doctrine of mistake. A contract is void under the doctrine of mistakes because of misunderstanding in the parties involved such as unilateral mistakes and mutual mistakes. Nothing in the text indicates BTT made a mistake; their reason for not fulfilling contract was a change in management. Chou made the mistake of thinking the e-mail was a draft of the contract, however the fact that BTT requested a copy of the draft a month later gave Chou the impression the company still wanted to conduct business. 6.Assuming, arguendo, that this e-mail does constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? In order for a contract to be binding, it must be supported by agreement and consideration. The promise (Chou) was willing to give up something of value (his game) and the promisor’s (BTT) promise was part of a bargain for exchange (the key terms in the agreement, specifically price and time frames). BTT led Chou to believe that they were under contract because of their mutual agreement and consideration. References Hartline, K. (2007, September). Oral contracts: Do they carry any weight?. Legal Zoom. Retrieved from http://www.legalzoom.com/business-law/contract-law/oral-contracts-do-they-carry Melvin, S.P., (2011). The legal environment of business: A managerial approach: Theory to practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from: The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems

Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems A Survey on Different Architectures Used in Online Self Testing for Real Time Systems I.ABSTRACT On-line self-testing is the solution for detecting permanent and intermittent faults for non safety critical and real-time embedded multiprocessors. This paper basically describes the three scheduling and allocation policies for on-line self-testing. Keywords-components: MPSoC, On-line self-testing, DSM technology II.INTRODUCTION Real-time systems are very important parts of our life now a day to day. In the last few decades, we have been studied the time aspect of computations. But in recent years it has increase exponentially among the researchers and research school. There has been an eye catching growth in the count of real-time systems. Being used in domestic and industry production. So we can say that real-time system is a system which not only depends upon the correctness of the result of the system but also on the time at which the result is produced. The example of the real-time system can be given as the chemical and nuclear plant control, space mission, flight control systems, military systems, telecommunications; multimedia systems and so on all make use of real-time technologies. Testing is a fundamental step in any development process. It consists in applying a set of experiments to a system (system under test − SUT), with multiple aims, from checking correct functionality to measuring performance. In this paper, we are interested in so-called  black-box conformance testing, where the aim is to check conformance of the SUT to a given specification. The SUT is a â€Å"black box† in the sense that we do not have a model of it, thus, can only rely on its observable input/output behavior. Real time is measured by quantitative use of clock (real clock)[1].Whenever we quantify time by using the real clock we use real time. A system is called real time system when we need quantitative expression of time to describe the behavior of the used system. In our daily lives, we rely on systems that have underlying temporal constraints including avionic control systems, medical devices, network processors, digital video recording devices, and many other systems and devices. In each of these systems there is a potential penalty or consequence associated with the violation of a temporal constraint. a. ONLINE SELF TESTING Online self-testing is the most cost-effective technique which is used to ensure correct operation for microprocessor-based systems in the field and also improves their dependability in the presence of failures caused by components aging. DSM Technologies Deep submicron technology means, the use of transistors of smaller size with faster switching rates[2]. As we know from Moores law the size of transistors are doubled by every year in a system, the technology has to fit those inc in transistors in small area with better performance and low-power[4]. III. Different Architectures used in Online Self Testing in Real Time Systems. 1.The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip The DIVA system architecture was specially designed to support a smooth migration path for application software by integrating PIMs into conventional systems as seamlessly as possible. DIVA PIMs resemble, at their interfaces, commercial DRAMs, enabling PIM memory to be accessed by host software either as smart memory coprocessors or as conventional memory[2]. A separate memory to memory interconnect enables communication between memories without involving the host processor. PIM Array PIM to PIM Interconnect Fig.1: DIVA Architecture A parcel is closely related to an active message as it is a relatively lightweight communication mechanism containing a reference to a function to be invoked when the parcel is received. Parcels are transmitted through a separate PIM to PIM interconnect to enable communication without interfering with host memory traffic. This interconnect must support the dense packing requirement of memory devices and allow the addition or removal of devices from system. Each DIVA PIM chip is a VLSI memory device augmented with general purpose computing and communication hardware[3]. Although a PIM may consist of multiple nodes, each of which are primarily comprised of few megabyte of memory and a node processor. 2. Chip Multiprocessor Architecture (CMP Architecture) Chip multiprocessors are also called as multi-core microprocessors or CMPs for short ,these are now the only way to build high-performance microprocessors, for a number of reasons[6]. limiting acceptance of CMPs in some types of systems. Fig.2: The above figure shows the CMP Architecture[6] 3. SCMP Architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System-on-Chip Future systems will have to support multiple and concurrent dynamic compute-intensive applications, while respecting real-time and energy consumption constraints. Within this framework, an architecture, named SCMP has been presented[5]. This asymmetric multiprocessor can support dynamic migration and preemption of tasks, thanks to a concurrent control of tasks, while offering a specific data sharing solution. Its tasks are controlled by a dedicated HW-RTOS that allows online scheduling of independent real-time and non real time tasks. By incorporating a connected component labelling algorithm into this platform, we have been able to measure its benefits for real-time and dynamic image processing. In response to an ever increasing demand for computational efficiency, the performance of embedded system architectures have improved constantly over the years. This has been made possible through fewer gates per pipeline stage, deeper pipelines, better circuit designs, faster transistors with new manufacturing processes, and enhanced instruction level or data-level parallelism (ILP or DLP)[7]. An increase in the level of parallelism requires the integration of larger cache memories and more sophisticated branch prediction systems. It therefore has a negative impact on the transistors’ efficiency, since the part of these that performs computations is being gradually reduced. Switching time and transistor size are also reaching their minimum limits. The SCMP architecture has a CMP structure and uses migration and fast preemption mechanisms to eliminate idle execution slots. This means bigger switching penalties, it ensures greater flexibility and reactivity for real-time systems. Programming Model The programming model for the SCMP architecture is specifically adapted to dynamic applications and global scheduling methods. The proposed programming model is based on the explicit separation of the control and the computation parts. Computation tasks and the control task are extracted from the application, so as each task is a standalone program. The control task handles the computation task scheduling and other control functionalities, like synchronizations and shared resource management for instance. Each embedded application can be divided into a set of independent threads, from which explicit execution dependencies are extracted. Each thread can in turn be divided into a finite set of tasks. The greater the number of independent and parallel tasks are extracted, the more the application can be accelerated at runtime. Fig3: SCMP Processing As shown in Figure 9, the SCMP architecture is made of multiple PEs and I/O controllers. This architecture is designed to provide real-time guarantees, while optimizing resource utilization and energy consumption. The next section describes execution of applications in a SCMP architecture. When the OSoC receives an execution order of an application, its Petri Net representation is built into the Task Execution and Synchronization Management Unit (TSMU) of the OSoC. Then, the execution and configuration demands are sent to the Selection unit according to application status. They contain all of active tasks that can be executed and of coming active tasks that can be prefetched. Scheduling of all active tasks must then incorporate the tasks for the newly loaded application. If a non-configured task is ready and waiting for its execution, or a free resource is available, the PE and Memory Allocation Unit sends a configuration primitive to the Configuration Unit. Fig4:SCMP Architecture[5] Table Of Comparison   Ã‚   Name Of The Paper Year of Publication Author Limits The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip 2002 Jeff Draper, Jacqueline Chame, Mary Hall, Craig Steele, Tim Barrett, Jeff LaCoss, John Granacki, Jaewook Shin, Chun Chen, Chang Woo Kang, Ihn Kim, Gokhan Daglikoca This paper has described a detailed description of DIVA PIM Architecture. This paper having some issues for exploiting memory bandwidth, particularly the memory interface and controller, instruction set features for fine grained parallel operation, and mechanism for address translation. Chip Multiprocessor Architecture: Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency 2007 KunleOlukotun, LanceHammond, James Laudon This work provides a solid foundation for future exploration in the area of defect-tolerant design. We plan to investigate the use of spare components, based on wearout profiles to provide more sparing for the most vulnerable components. Further, a CMP switch is only a first step toward the overreaching goal of designing a defect-tolerant CMP system. SCMP Architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System on-Chip for Dynamic Applications 2010 NicolasVentroux, Raphael David The new architecture, which has been called SCMP, consists of a hardware real-time operating system accelerator (HW-RTOS), and multiple computing, memory, and input/output resources. The overhead due to control and execution management is limited by our highly efficient task and data sharing management scheme, despite of using a centralized control. Future works will focus on the development of tools to ease the programmation of the SCMP architecture. Conclusion We have done a survey how on-line self-testing can be controlled in a real-time embedded multiprocessor for dynamic but non safety critical applications using different architectures. We analyzed the impact of three on-line self-testing architectures in terms of performance penalty and fault detection probability. As long as the architecture load remains under a certain threshold, the performance penalty is low and an aggressive self test policy, as proposed in can be applied to [8] D. Gizopoulos et al., Systematic Software-Based Self -Test for Pipelined Processors, Trans. on Vlsi Sys., vol. 16, pp. 1441-1453, 2008. such architecture. Otherwise, on-line self-testing should consider the scheduling decision for mitigating the overhead in detriment to fault detection probability. It was shown that a policy that periodically applies a test to each processor in a way that accounts for the idle states of processors, the test history and the task priority offers a good trade-off between the performance and fault detection probability. However, the principle and methodology can be generalized to other multiprocessor architectures. References [1] R. Mall. â€Å"Real-time system†: Theory and practice. Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2008. [2] Analysis of On-Line Self-Testing Policies for Real-Time Embedded Multiprocessors in DSM Technologies O. Heron, J. Guilhemsang, N. Ventroux et al 2010 IEEE. [3] Jeff Draper et al., The Architecture of the DIVA Processing In Memory Chip, ICS’02, June. [4] C. Constantinescu, â€Å"Impact of deep submicron technology on dependability of VLSI circuits†, IEEE DSN, pp. 205-209, 2002. [5] Nicolas Ventroux and Raphael David, â€Å"SCMP architecture: An Asymmetric Multiprocessor System-on-Chip for Dynamic Applications†, ACM Second International Forum on Next Generation Multicore/Many core Technologies, Saint Malo, France, 2010. [6] Chip Multiprocessor Architecture: Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency. [7] Antonis Paschalis and Dimitris Gizopoulos â€Å"Effective Software-Based Self-Test Strategies for On-Line Periodic Testing of Embedded Processors†, DATE, pp.578-583,2004. IJSET 2014Page 1