Type 2 Diabetes Essay Example For Students

Type 2 Diabetes Essay Type II Diabetes Mellitus: An Emerging Epidemic Andy Christensen NSCI 411 March 1, 2005 Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas or cellular destruction leading to an insulin deficiency. Depending on the cause of the insulin shortage, diabetes can be subcategorized into type I and type II. Type I diabetes (T1DM) is usually mediated by the destruction of b-cells in the pancreas resulting in decreased insulin production and secretion. Type II diabetes (T2DM) is the failure of these b-cells to secrete adequate amounts of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis combined with an overall resistance to the insulin action (8., 1997). We will write a custom essay on Type 2 Diabetes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now T2DM accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases. While T2DM is traditionally viewed as an adult disease, its prevalence among children and adolescents is becoming a major medical crisis, particularly targeting minorities and those genetically prone, and resulting from the rising obesity rates, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary indiscretions. The disease is more commonly found in minorities, predominantly African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. Studies of African American children have shown that compared to Caucasian children they have higher rates of insulinemia, increased b-cell activity, reduced insulin clearance, lower insulin sensitivity, and higher obesity risks (Arslanian, 2002). Although it is unclear if these factors are due to racial intrinsic differences, lifestyle, genetics, or other biological factors, these issues could easily explain the higher prevalence of T2DM among minorities. It is most accepted that a combination of these factors is the primary cause for the relationship between race and dia betes. Some of the symptoms associated with type II diabetes include polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia. At diagnosis, 33 percent of patients have ketonuria, and 5 to 25 percent have ketoacidosis, both of which can be tested for by simple urinalysis (American Diabetes Assoc. 2000). Most patients of T2DM are obese with little to no weight loss, which allows doctors to distinguish them from type I diabetics. The total lack of insulin among type I diabetics, or insulin dependent diabetics, will result in problems in the storage of fat and muscle proteins causing the body to break them down. Hence, type I diabetics can be distinguished often by weight loss. Other symptoms such as damage to the kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart, and blood vessels can occur if the diabetes goes unnoticed for a prolonged period of time and glucose levels are not controlled (Novitt-Moreno, 1996). The detection of T2DM can be difficult because the patient may or may not have many of the symptoms depending on how severe their case is. Many of the symptoms are very similar to those of type I diabetes making classification difficult. Some patients are found to have glucosuria upon routine urinalysis, which could lead to the diagnosis. Ketouria can also be detected but usually only occurs in only one forth of patients who have type II diabetes. Simple clinical features of T2DM can assist doctors diagnosing and classifying the disease. More than 85 percent of patients diagnosed are overweight or obese. A family history of type II diabetes is found in the majority of patients who are known to have T2DM. A skin condition known as aconthosis nigricans is also common and can be detected by routine physical examination. It is characterized by hyperpigmentation and a velvety texture caused by long-standing hyperinsulinism and usually is found around the neck, inner thighs, and antecubital areas (Nesmith 2001). In addition to clinical signs, laboratory tests and evaluations are necessary to classify a person accurately. Diagnostic tests include fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, and oral glucose tolerance testing. .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .postImageUrl , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:hover , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:visited , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:active { border:0!important; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:active , .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18027d2085eaf886073089dbf1e9416a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Use the search term 'narrative' to display these e Essay All tests are aimed at measuring the blood glucose levels of a patient and comparing them statistically with normal glucose levels of a population. One major problem for these tests is that they may not be accurate in predicting the onset of diabetes. The tests are used to determine what glycemic level would be appropriate to begin treatment for the bodys insulin resistance (Sadovsky, 2003). Since a normal persons glucose level rises and falls within a certain value each day, getting an accurate value from a patient can often be difficult and could depend on many . Type 2 Diabetes Essay Example For Students Type 2 Diabetes Essay Alicia PurdomClass: English 101Professor: Mrs. Kravitz-SheppardDate: February 5,2004Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)Diabetes is a disease characterized by excessive urination. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient insulin production or lack of responsiveness to insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). There are 2 primary types of diabetes mellitus, type I (insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset), which may be caused by an autoimmune response, and type II (non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset). Diabetes insipidus is typically due to hormonal dysregulation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Absence, destruction, or loss of these cells causes an absolute deficiency of insulin, leading to type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM). Most children with diabetes have IDDM and a lifetime dependence on exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM) is a heterogeneous disorder. Patients with NIDDM have insulin resistance, and their beta cells lack the ability to overcome this resistance. Although this form of diabetes previously was uncommon in children, 20% or more of new patients with diabetes in childhood and adolescence now have NIDDM, a change associated with increased rates of obesity. Insulin is essential to process carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to e nter muscle cells and fat cells and by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen as a carbohydrate store. Insulin also inhibits the release of stored glucose from liver glycogen and slows the breakdown of fat to triglycerides, free fatty acids, and ketones. Additionally, insulin slows the breakdown of protein for glucose production. Hyperglycemia results when insulin deficiency leads to uninhibited gluconeogenesis and prevents the use and storage of circulating glucose. The kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose load, causing glycosuria, osmotic diuresis, thirst, and dehydration. Increased fat and protein breakdown leads to ketone production and weight loss. Without insulin, a child with IDDM wastes away and eventually dies from diabetic ketoacidosis. We will write a custom essay on Type 2 Diabetes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Information on mortality rates is difficult to ascertain without complete national registers of childhood diabetes, although age-specific mortality probably is double that of the general population. Particularly at risk are children aged 1-4 years who may die with DKA at the time of diagnosis. Adolescents also are a high-risk group. Most deaths result from delayed diagnosis or neglected treatment and subsequent cerebral edema during treatment for DKA, although untreated hypoglycemia also causes some deaths. IDDM complications are comprised of 3 major categories: acute complications, long-term complications, and complications caused by associated autoimmune diseases. Acute complications reflect the difficulties of maintaining a balance between insulin therapy, dietary intake, and exercise. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and DKA. Long-term complications arise from the damaging effects of prolonged hyperglycemia and other metabolic consequences of insulin defic iency on various tissues. While long-term complications are rare in childhood, maintaining good control of diabetes is important to prevent complications from developing in later life. The likelihood of developing complications appears to depend on the interaction of factors such as metabolic control, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, pubertal status, and gender. Most cases of IDDM are the result of environmental factors interacting with a genetically susceptible person. This interaction leads to the development of autoimmune disease directed at the insulin-producing cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These cells are progressively destroyed, with insulin deficiency usually developing after the destruction of 90% of islet cells. Diabetes is a disease that can be deadly if not treated correctly. Most people with diabetes have one of the two types and can be treated with pills or insulin shots. My mother has type II diabetes, and helping her cope with her disease gives me a wider outlook on it. I see her give herself shots every day to monitor her blood sugar levels; and I also see her taking medicine to help control the amount of glucose to be present in her system. Hopefully one day there will be a cure for this disease so that many people ,along with my mother, can live lives without pain and be healthy. .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .postImageUrl , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:hover , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:visited , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:active { border:0!important; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:active , .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0592173173bb040ffcc52eaad515bc1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: moralhf Laws vs. Morals in Mark Twain's The Advent EssayResources: Diabetes Mellitus: William H Lamb, MD, FRCP, FRCPCHHypoglycemia for Dummies by Cheryl Chow American diabetes association complete guide to diabetes by American